Automatic positioning system and method

ABSTRACT

A first workpiece is automatically and precisely aligned to a second workpiece by superimposing and aligning an artificially, electronically generated reference pattern of zones to a video image of the first workpiece. Then, a video image of the second workpiece is superimposed on, and aligned to, the reference pattern. Embodiments are disclosed for automatically aligning a semiconductor chip to a compliant tape window and then to a substrate for bonding operations and for automatically aligning a semiconductor wafer to a photoresist mask. The pattern of reference zones is generated electronically by applying the horizontal and vertical sync pulses of a vidicon to appropriate logic circuitry to thus artificially produce electronic signals representative of a video image of the desired pattern of zones. To accomplish X, Y and theta positioning, detected video coincident with selected opposed zones is summed, compared, and equalized by moving the zones or the workpiece. To align the pattern of zones to the first workpiece, motors are used to adjust variable resistors in the logic circuitry to move the pattern. To align the second workpiece to the pattern of zones, motors are used to drive micromanipulators to move the workpiece.

United States Patent Montone et al. Sept. 2, 1975 AUTOMATIC POSITIONING SYSTEM AND METHOD 57 ABSTRACT [75 Inventors: MonFone; Donald Walls A first workpiece is automatically and precisely both of Readmg aligned to a second workpiece by superimposing and [73] Assignee: We tern Ele tri C aligning an artificially, electronically generated refer- Incorporated, New York, NY. ence pattern of zones to a video image of the first workpiece. Then, a video image of the second work- [22] May 1974 iece is su erim osed on, and ali ned to, the refer- P P P g 21. A N 475,006 ence pattern. Embodiments are disclosed for automatically aligning a semiconductor chip to a compliant 1 I tape window and then to a substrate for bonding oper- Eg D ations and for automatically aligning a semiconductor wafer to a photoresist mask. The pattern of reference [58] Field of Search 178/63, DIG. l, DIG. 2], zones is generated electronically by applying the hori l78/DIG 37 DIG 38' 356/156 157 zontal and vertical sync pulses of a v1d1con to appropriate logic circuitry to thus artificially produce elec- 56] R f rence Cited l e e S tronic signals representative of a video image of the UNITED STATES PATENTS desired pattern of zones. To accomplish X, Y and 0 3,207.904 9/1965 Heinz 1. 250/202 positioning, detected video coincident with selected 3. 7705 2/ Adler t t 250/2 opposed zones is summed, compared, and equalized 31581375 6971 Rottmflnm- 29/409 by moving the zones or the workpiece. To align the 3159-3386 7/1971 l f 1 1 178/68 pattern of zones to the first workpiece, motors are 31749330 7/1973 Bmcllmgton" [78/68 used to adjust variable resistors in the logic circuitry 3,796,497 3/1974 Math1sen 356/152 t th U r T nth S c dw k t 3.811911 5/1974 Hardy 178/68 )move spa e e or 0 Primary ExaminerHoward W. Britton Assistant ExaminerMichael A. Masinick Attorney, Agent, or Firm-G. W. Houseweart the pattern of zones, motors are used to drive micromanipulators to move the workpiece.

39 Claims, 26 Drawing Figures 46 D: L1J D Z O D] x-Y-e i x v e STAGE STAGE ALl aB N SENT l I CONTROL /35 \l Y Y l d 33 SYSTEM 28 I 9 3/ az l MOTOR MOTOR CONTROL CONTROL 36 37; 30 1 34 PATENTEDSEP' 2I'9Is SHEET 1 46 (I LIJ D Z O [I] Eng 22 i -Y-e x l'e F sTAGE sTAGE ALIAGUJSENT I CONTROL /35 l x Y Y Wlel QB SYSTEM MOTOR MOTOR CONTROL CONTROL sq 3 34 35 u n I AUTOMATIC ALIGNMENT CONTROL sYsTEM MOTOR H PATTERN T-CONTROL v GENERATION 30\ COINCIDENCE DETECTION MOTOR I I AND CONTROL I ANALYSIS 34\ 2 MOTOR CONTROL PATENTEU 219 5 SHEET F/G-BC PATENTEB 21975 SHEET X INPUT Y INPUT Z OUTPUT ZONE ZIO

PATENTED SEP 2 I975 SHEET 1 mm M H m3 mm PATtNTEflSEP 2I975 3,903,363

SHEET 1O VIDICON 3/3 309 ILLUMINATION SOURCE HELD 3/5 MICROSCOPE I AUTO ALIGNMENT COLl| c|,I\H/1 l/ \TED CONTROL L EXPOSURE 3/0 S YSTEM SYSTEM 302 26%: ,303 STAGE F l x DRIVE [Y ORIvE |e ORIvE 304 305 306 MOTOR CONTROLLER F/Gr/Z/J F/G./2B 333 PATENTED 2 SHEET 12 SHAPED VERT SYNC IDI ID2A

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O 4 8 l2 l6 20242832 Tl ME (MILLISECONDS) AUTOMATIC POSITIONING SYSTEM AND METHOD BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The invention relates to methods and apparatus for automatically and precisely positioning one article with respect to another article; and more particularly, for aligning semiconductor devices to substrates for bonding, and for aligning semiconductor wafers or thin film substrates to photoresist masks at various stages of manufacturing.

Direct automatic alignment of such workpieces by directly comparing the geometry of one with the geometry of another is typically not feasible due to the clutter of unnecessary and varying geometric detail within the workpieces. More specifically, semiconductor devices and integrated circuits often are of the beam lead type and include a semiconductor body having interconnected circuit elements inseparably associated on or within the body. Cantilevered metallic beams extend from the body for providing both electrical and mechanical connections to a header or to circuit patterns formed on a substrate.

In a bonding application of such devices, the beam leads must be aligned to corresponding metallized patterns preformed on the header or substrate. Although the beam leads typically are of uniform length and width on a particular device, such leads may and usually do vary in length and width and also in actual position on the semiconductor body from one circuit type to another. Further, the electrical interconnection of elements disposed within the semiconductive body typically is of a material of the type used for the beam leads and of course, varies from circuit type to circuit type, and in any event, constitutes a clutter of unnecessary geometric detail for the purpose of aligning and bonding the semiconductor device to the headers or substrates.

During the manufacture of a semiconductor beam lead integrated circuit, a plurality of photoresist masking steps are performed. In each step, a mask must be precisely aligned to minute geometric patterns formed by previous masking operations in an environment of often hundreds or thousands of extremely minute, e.g., of the order of 0.1 mil, geometric features. Such alignment must take place in an environment of constantly changing topographical and light reflectivity conditions due to the continual forming and reforming of photoresist layers and oxide layers and the cutting of holes therethrough for selectively introducing dopant impurities into the semiconductor body or for forming electrical connections.

2. Description of the Prior Art Many systems and types of systems have been and are being developed for automatically aligning the aforementioned and other types of workpieces. Such systems include mechanically complex apparatus involving scanning mirrors and optical components such as described in US. Pat. No. 3,581,375 issued June 1, 1971 to H. R. Rottmann, and a great variety of systems employing video cameras, most of which are directed toward identifying specific geometric features on one workpiece by observing its location with respect to a particular scan line of the video system, such as disclosed in US. Pat. No. 3,515,877 issued June 2, 1970 to D. W. Baxter et al.

A different approach, directed to positioning a workpiece with respect to a predetermined location, disclosed in US. Pat. application, Ser. No. 378,307 filed July 1 l, 1973 and assigned to the assignee hereof, is directed to applying the horizontal and vertical sync signals of a video camera to logic circuitry to generate electrical signals representing, in synchronism with the video image of a workpiece, one or a plurality of boundary markers with respect to which the workpiece is positioned. Those electrical signals representing a video image of boundary markers are superimposed upon the actual video image of the workpiece to be positioned and are adjusted to be of size and disposition such that when the workpiece is not properly positioned, the video image of the workpiece overlaps, i.e., coincides with, a portion of one or more of the boundary markers. Positioning is accomplished by moving the workpiece so as to reduce coincidence of the video image thereof and the boundary marker. US. Pat. No. 3,814,845 issued June 4, 1974 R. W. Hurlbrink et al., also assigned to the assignee hereof, discloses an improvement to the last-mentioned positioning system wherein the coincidence of images is minimized or equalized using an averaging technique to facilitate positioning by reduction or equalization of average coincidence.

Still another form of an automatic positioning system, disclosed in Space-Age Production By Automatic Image Alignment Manufacturing Engineering and Management, March 1971, involves the use of a specialized video camera capable of a spiral scan in combination with a permanent memory for storing electronic signals representing video images produced by the spiral scan. In operation a first workpiece is manually positioned at a desired location and a video image of that workpiece in that locations is stored in the memory. Successive workpieces are automatically positioned at the desired location by comparing a video image of the workpiece to the video image stored in memory and moving the workpiece until the images correspond.

A significant problem inherent in such a system is the feature of aligning a plurality of workpieces to a fixed image in memory. This is a problem because the operating characteristics of the video camera charge or drift with time and line voltage such that aligning a real time image with a permanently stored representation of the image can in fact produce a misaligned product.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In view of the aforementioned and other problems inherent in prior art methods and apparatus for automatically and precisely aligning one article with another, it is an object of this invention to provide new and improved methods and apparatus for automatically and precisely aligning articles.

It is a further object of this invention to provide methods and apparatus for automatically and precisely aligning one article with another by comparing essentially real time images of the articles to a real time generated reference pattern of zones to avoid the aforementioned problem of drifting characteristics of imaging systems with respect to time.

To these and other ends, a method of aligning a first article to a second article in accordance with this invention includes producing a first electrical signal indicative of the first article and a second electrical signal indicative of a reference zone. The second signal is modified in response to a comparison of first and second signals to align the reference zone to the article. Then, the second article is moved, in response to a comparison of the modified second signal and a third signal indicative of the second article, to align the second article to the reference zone. Because the second article is aligned with the reference zone after the refer ence zone is aligned with the first article, the second article thereby is aligned with the first article.

More specifically, an automatic alignment system in accordance with a disclosed embodiment of this invention includes indirectly aligning articles by first aligning an artificially generated video image of a pattern of reference zones to selected portions of a video image of a first article and then aligning selected portions of a video image of a second article to the image of the reference zones.

In particular disclosed embodiments, electronic signals representing a video image of the reference zones are artificially generated in synchronism with the actual vidicon camera-generated video image of an article by applying the horizontal and vertical sync pulses of the video camera to appropriate logic circuitry.

Although it will be appreciated that the principles of this invention may be used to accomplish automatic alignment of essentially any article or object with essentially any other article or object, for simplicity and clarity of explanation this invention will be described principally with reference to a first embodiment for automatically aligning semiconductor devices to substrates for bonding and with reference to a second embodiment for automatically aligning semiconductor wafers or thin film substrates to photoresist masks.

In the disclosed bonding embodiment, a video image of a pattern of reference zones is superimposed upon a video image of a bonding medium such as a bonding head or the window in, and surrounding material of, a compliant tape. The zones are automatically aligned with the window by first generating and applying signals to motors to adjust variable resistors in logic circuitry employed to generate the pattern of zones.

Then the image of the pattern of zones is superimposed upon a video image of a semiconductor device to be bonded to a substrate. Coincidence of selected features of the video image of the semiconductor device and the pattern of zones is sensed; and signals are generated and applied to motors to move the semiconductor device to align the device with the video image of the reference zones. Because the pattern of zones was aligned to the compliant tape and then the device was aligned to the pattern of zones, the device necessarily is aligned with the window in the compliant tape.

At this point, the device is picked up and brought into contact with the compliant tape; and a video image ofthe device and compliant tape is superimposed upon the video image of the reference zones to determine whether-any-loss in alignment was introduced during the pick-up step. If necessary, the position of the video image of the reference zones is modified by generating and applying signals to the motors to adjust variable resistors to the logic circuitry employed to generate those zones to realign the image of the reference zones on the image of the device and compliant tape.

Finally, the image of the reference zones is superimposed upon a video image of the substrate and conductive patterns to which the beam leads of the semiconductor chip are to be bonded; coincidence of certain features of the substrate and the reference zones is sensed; and signals are generated and applied to motors to move the substrate to align it with the reference zones. Once so aligned the substrate necessarily is aligned with the semiconductor device and compliant tape; and the compliant tape and device can be brought into contact with the substrate and bonding can take place.

In the embodiment for aligning a semiconductor wafer to a photoresist mask, a video image of the reference zones is superimposed upon a video image of certain selected features, typically specially designed fiducial marks, on the mask, advantageously using a splitfield microscope for viewing the photoresist mask. Coincidence of the fiducial marks with the reference zones is sensed; and signals are generated and applied to motors to adjust variable resistors in the logic circuitry employed to generate the reference zones to effectively reposition the reference zones into alignment with the fiducial marks of the photoresist mask. Then the image of the reference zones is superimposed upon a video image of fiducial marks on a semiconductor wafer, again advantageously using the split-field microscope. Coincidence of the reference zones with the fi' ducial marks is sensed; and signals are generated and applied to motors to move the semiconductor wafer to reposition the fiducial marks into alignment with the reference zones.

In both of the aforementioned embodiments the reference zones advantageously comprise a matrix of discrete opposed areas. With such zones, coincidence of opposed features of the workpiece to be aligned with the discrete zones can be sensed and the alignment can be achieved by balancing or equalizing the area coincidence of those opposed features with the opposed zones.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING The aforementioned and other features, characteristics, and advantages, and the invention in general, will be better understood from the following more detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawing in which:

FIG. 1 is an electrical and mechanical schematic block diagram of a video-controlled bonder in accordance with a first embodiment of this invention;

FIG. 2 is an electrical block schematic diagram of the automatic alignment control system employed on the bonder of FIG. 1 in accordance with this invention;

FIGS. 3A-3E are schematic representations of the reference zones and video images of workpieces in ac cordance with this invention as they appear if displayed on a TV monitor;

FIG. 4' is an electrical schematic block diagram of a logic circuit for generating the reference zones in accordance with this invention;

FIG. 5A is a more detailed schematic representation of an advantageous pattern of reference zones in accordance with the aforementioned first embodiment of this invention;

FIG. 5B is a table listing the respective nodes of the circuit of FIG. 4 which are operative in producing the various respective zones of FIG. 5A;

,FIG. 5C is a simple logic circuit representation for aiding in understanding the table of FIG. 5B;

FIGS. 6 and 7 are voltage waveform diagrams depicting the time relationships among the more significant nodes of the circuit of FIG. 4;

FIG. 8 is an electrical schematic block diagram of a circuit for sensing coincidence between the video images of the workpiece and the reference zones and for translating the sensed coincidence into signals for application to stepping motors for accomplishing actual alignment eithe of the reference zones to a workpiece or of the workpiece to the reference zones in accordance with this invention;

FIG. 9 is an electrical schematic representation of a step-charge circuit suitable for use in representing the amount of coincidence of the video image of the workpiece with the various reference zones in accordance with this invention;

FIG. 10 is an electrical schematic diagram of a differential detector circuit for detecting coincidence as represented by charge on the various step charge circuits of FIG. 9 in accordance with this invention;

FIG. 11 is an electrical and mechanical block sche matic diagram of apparatus for automatic video controlled alignment of semiconductor wafers or thin film substrates to photoresist masks in accordance with this invention;

FIG. 12A is a somewhat schematic plan view of a photoresist mask;

FIG. 12B is a plan view of a semiconductor wafer to be aligned to the photoresist mask of FIG. 12A;

FIG. 13 illustrates an advantageous pattern of reference zones for use in automatically aligning semiconductor wafers or thin film substrates to photoresist masks in accordance with this invention;

FIGS. 14A and 14B, respectively, illustrate the video image of the reference zones of FIG. 13 upon which are superimposed a video image of a pair of fiducial marks from the mask of FIG. 12A in alignment and out of alignment respectively;

FIG. 15A depicts the video image of the reference zones upon which are superimposed the video image of the fiducial marks of the mask of FIG. 12A and also the fiducial marks on the semiconductor wafer or thin film substrate which is to be aligned to the mask, FIG. 15A depicting the described features in alignment; and FIG. 15B depicting the described features out of alignment;

FIG. 16 is an electrical schematic block diagram of a logic circuit suitable for producing electronic signals representing zones of the pattern depicted in FIG. 13;

FIGS. 17 and 18 are voltage waveform diagrams depicting the time relationships between the voltages at the various nodes of the circuit of FIG. 16; and

FIG. 19 is an electrical schematic block diagram of a circuit for detected coincidence between the images and for generating signals for application to stepping motors to accomplish automatic alignment.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF BONDER EMBODIMENT With reference now to the drawing, FIG. 1 shows an electrical and mechanical schematic block diagram of a video controlled bonder in accordance with a first embodiment of this invention. As shown the bonder includes a first motor-controlled stage 21 on which a carrier 22 containing semiconductor chips or devices 23 has been placed and a second and separate motorcontrol stage 24 on which a carrier 25 containing a plurality of substrates 26 to which the semiconductor chips are to be bonded has been placed.

Motor-controlled stage 21 is driven by three indepen dent motors, 27 for movement in the X direction, 28 for movement in the Y direction, and 29 for movement in a rotary or 9 direction. Motors 2729 are controlled by a motor-control circuit 30 which may be any standard commercially available motor control circuit or which may be a general purpose computer which functions to meter out the required pulses or other voltages for causing the desired precise movement of each of the motors 2729.

Similarly, stage 24 is driven by a separate plurality of motors, 31 for the X direction, 32 for the Y direction, and 33 for the rotary or 6 direction. Motors 31-33 are in turn controlled by a motor control circuit 34 which may be in all respects identical with motor control circuit 30.

Motor-control circuits 30 and 34 are in turn controlled by an Automatic Alignment Control System 35 which is a principal part of the instant invention and which supplies electronic control signals to motorcontrol circuits 30 and 34 via lines 36 and 37, respectively. Alignment Control System 35 is coupled via a plurality of lines 38-40 to a vidicon television camera 41. As will be discussed in much greater detail hereinbelow, lines 38-40 couple the horizontal sync signals, the vertical sync signals, and electronic signals representing video images produced by vidicon 41 to the Alignment Control System 35. Vidicon 41 produces microscopic images of the bonding operation inasmuch as the bonding is viewed by vidicon 41 through a microscope 42 along a light path indicated by broken line 43.

A bonding head 44 is shown disposed between a supply wheel 45 and a take-up wheel 46 for compliant tape 47. Features 44-47 comprise what is commonly termed a compliant type bonding module, which is described in greater detail in US. Pat. No. 3,640,444 issued Feb. 8, 1972 to D. P. Ludwig, and assigned to the assignee hereof, and which is commercially available. Of course alignment to a more conventional bonding medium such as a bonding head without compliant tape also is contemplated and within the scope of this invention.

In operation, wheels 45 and 46 are activated to index a compliant tape window underneath the bonding tip of bonding head 44. Light source 49 is activated to direct a beam of light, represented schematically by broken line 52, onto one side of a multi-sided prism 48, which in turn causes that light to be redirected upon the compliant tape window. Light reflected from the compliant tape material surrounding the window strikes prism 48 and is deflected along path 43 to microscope 42 and vidicon 41. Vidicon 41 produces electronic signals representing a microscopic image of the compliant tape window and the compliant tape material theresurrounding; and those electronic signals are coupled via line 40 to the Alignment Control System 35.

FIG. 2 shows, within broken line rectangle 53, an electrical schematic block diagram of an Automatic Alignment Control System 35 in accordance with this invention. As seen, system 35 includes a pattern generation circuit 54 responsive to the horizontal and vertical sync signals on lines 38 and 39 from vidicon 41 for generating electronic signals representing a video image of a pattern of reference zones synchronized with the video image produced by vidicon 41. The signals from pattern generation circuit 54 and the electronic signals representing the video image from vidicon 41, conducted via line 40, are simultaneously applied to a coincidence detection and analysis circuit 55 which detects and analyzes, in a manner to be described in detail hereinbelow, the degree to which predetermined portions of the video images coincide. Based upon this detection and analysis, electronic sig nals are generated by circuit 55 and applied to appropriate motor-control circuits 30 and 34 (FIG. 1) and 60 (FIG. 2) for moving either the video image of the pattern of reference zones or stage 21 or stage 24 depend ing on the particular portion of the sequence in which the bonder is at that time operating.

With this generalized understanding of the operation of Automatic Alignment Control System 35, reference is again made to the video image of the compliant tape window which was being described with respect to FIG. 1. System 35 superimposes the electronic video image of the compliant tape window and the video image of the pattern of reference zones and, by applying signals to motor control circuit 60 (FIG. 2), adjusts variable resistors in pattern generation circuit 54 to effectively move the image of the reference zones with respect to the image of the tape window sufficiently that the pattern of zones is aligned with the window.

Then the light from source 49 is interrupted and light is provided by source 50, from a different angle, to a different face of prism 48 sufficient to illuminate one of the semiconductor chips 23 on stage 21. Light reflected from that semiconductor chip passes back to the prism and is directed to microscope 42, resulting in an image of the chip being produced by vidicon 41 and provided to alignment system 35. Alignment system 35 superimposes the image of the semiconductor chip upon the image of the pattern of reference zones, detects and analyzes coincidence of the two images, and generates and applies appropriate electronic signals to motor control circuit 30 to move the semiconductor chip until its image is centered upon, or otherwise aligned in a predetermined fashion with, the image of the reference zones. At this point. since the reference zones were aligned with the tape window and the semiconductor chip was aligned with the reference zones, the semiconductor chip necessarily is aligned with the tape window.

With the aforementioned alignment accomplished, prism 48 swings out of the way, by conventional means not shown in FIG. 1, and the bonding module is lowered along bonding axis 56 to pick up the aligned chip into the tape window. This pickup may be accomplished, for example, by a vacuum tip located above the tape window, and which, during this pickup operation, extends through the tape window and pulls the aligned chip into contact with the tape. Once the chip has been picked up, the bonding module is returned to its rest position shown in FIG. 1 and prism 48 is returned to its rest position on the bonding axis as shown in FIG. 1.

Due to mechanical inaccuracies, some misalignment of the chip with respect to the tape may be introduced during the pickup operation. Thus, for maximum accuracy of subsequent operations, light source 49 is again activated to illuminate the chip in the tape and thereby to result in vidicon 41 producing an image of the chip in contact with the tape. Control system 35 superimposes that image upon the reference zones and realigns the reference zones with the image of the chip in the tape.

To complete the bonding operation, a substrate 26 must first be aligned to the semiconductor chip and tape window. To accomplish this alignment, stage 21 is moved off the bonding axis by conventional means not shown, and stage 24v is moved into position on the bonding axis, replacing stage 21. With light from sources 49 and 50 interrupted, light from a third source 51 directly illuminates the surface of a substrate 26 along a path 59 inclined at an acute angle with respect to the substrate surface. Light reflected from substrate 26 passes through prism 48, which is now in its rest position, and is directed through microscope 42 and into vidicon 41.

Vidicon 41 produces an image of the substrate and provides signals representing such image to control sys tem 35 along line 40. Control system 35 superimposes the image of the substrate upon the image of the pat tern of reference zones, which, it must be remembered, were accurately realigned with the image of the semiconductor chip in the tape; and coincidence of the images is detected and analyzed. Based upon that analysis, signals are generated and applied by circuit 55 to motor control circuit 34 to move the substrate 26 sufficiently to center it or otherwise align it in a predetermined fashion with the pattern of reference zones. Being so aligned, the substrate 26 is therefore also aligned to the semiconductive chip and compliant tape window.

Accordingly, all that remains to be done to complete the bond is for prism 48 to swing out of the way off of the bonding axis 56 and for the bonding module, comprising features 44-47, to be lowered bringing the chip and compliant window into contact with the substrate with sufficient force, heat and other parameters to complete the bond. After the bond is completed, the bonding module is raised to its rest position; prism 48 is moved back into position on the bonding axis, stage 24 is moved off the bonding axis; and stage 21 is brought back into its initial position, shown in FIG. 1, to enable the alignment and bonding of the next successive chip and substrate. Of course, for bonding operations where the chips have previously been placed in the compliant tape by other means, only the last half of the above-described operations, i.e., aligning the chipin-tape to the substrate, need be done to prepare for a bond.

Having described generally and conceptually the operation of the automatic bonder of FIG. 1 in accordance with this invention, there will now be described in detail an advantageous pattern of reference zones and their relationships to the workpieces, as well as circuits for generating the pattern of zones and for detecting and analyzing the coincidence information.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF ALIGNMENT OPERATIONS FIGS. 3A-3E are schematic representations of the reference Zones and video images of workpieces as they appear if displayed on a TV monitor during each of the alignment operations in accordance with this invention. From the outset, it should be understood that, of course, the images need not actually be televised on a monitor during the steps involving superimposition and alignment of the images. Rather, all that is required is that the electronic signals representating those images be superimposed and analyzed in circuitry such as the 

1. A method of aligning a first article to a second article comprising: producing a first electrical signal indicative of the first article; producing a second electrical signal indicative of a reference zone; modifying the second signal in response to a comparison of the first and second signals to align the reference zone to the first article; producing a third electrical signal indicative of the second article; and moving the second article in response to a comparison of the third signal and the modified second signal to align the second article to the reference zone such that the second article is aligned to the first article.
 2. A method as recited in claim 1 wherein the first, second, and third electrical signals are video signals.
 3. A method as recited in claim 2 wherein the first and third video signals are produced by employing a camera and the second video signal is produced by employing an electronic circuit other than a camera.
 4. A method as recited in claim 3 wherein the second video signal is modified by modifying parameters in the electronic circuit.
 5. A method as recited in claim 4 wherein the electronic circuit responds to the horizontal and vertical sync signals of the camera such that the second video signal is synchronized with the first video signal.
 6. A method as recited in claim 4 further comprising the steps of producing a plurality of uniformly timed pulses in response to coincidence of the first and second video signals; and storing the pulses produced during said coincidence to produce a voltage representative of the extent of said coincidence.
 7. A method as recited in claim 6 comprising generating and applying signals to motors in response to the detected coincidence to automatically modify the parameters in the electronic circuit in accordance with said detected coincidence.
 8. A method as recited in claim 6 further comprising producing a series of uniformly timed pulses in response to coincidence between the third signal and the modified second signal; and storing the pulses produced during said last-mentioned coincidence to produce a voltage representative of the extent of said last-mentioned coincidence.
 9. A method as recited in claim 8 further comprising producing and applying signals to motors to move the second article in response to said last-mentioned detected coincidence.
 10. A method of positioning a first workpiece with respect to a second workpiece comprising the steps of: producing first video signals representing the scanning of the first workpiece along a multiplicity of scan lines; electronically producing, in horizontal and vertical synchronism with the first video signals, additional signals representing the scanning of a matrix of discrete zones along a corresponding multiplicity of scan lines; detecting coincidence of the first video signal with a portion of the additional signals representing selected ones of the plurality of zones; modifying electronic parameters in accordance with the detected coincidence to effectively move and align the position of the zones with respect to the position of the one workpiece; producing, in horizontal and vertical synchronism with the additional signals, second video signals representing the scanning of the second workpiece along a multiplicity of scan lines;; detecting coincidence of the second video signals with a portion of the additional signals representing the selected ones of the plurality of zones; and moving the second workpiece in accordance with the last-mentioned detected coincidence to align the second workpiece with respect to the zones such that the second workpiece is aligned to the first workpiece.
 11. A method as recited in claim 10 wherein the first workpiece is a semiconductor chip and the second workpiece is a substrate to which the chip is to be bonded.
 12. A method as recited in claim 10 where the first workpiece is a photoresist mask and the second workpiece is a semiconductor wafer.
 13. Apparatus for aligning a first article to a second aRticle comprising: means for producing a first electrical signal indicative of the first article; means for producing a second electrical signal indicative of a reference zone; means for modifying the second signal in response to a comparison of the first and second signals to align the reference zone to the first article; means for producing a third electrical signal indicative of the second article; and means for moving the second article in response to a comparison of the third signal and the modified second signal to align the second article to the reference zone such that the second article is aligned to the first article.
 14. Apparatus as recited in claim 13 wherein the first, second and third electrical signals are video signals.
 15. Apparatus as recited in claim 14 wherein: the first video signal represents a video image of the first article; the second video signal represents a video image of a pattern of reference zones; and the third video signal represents a video image of the second article.
 16. Apparatus as recited in claim 15 wherein: the means for producing the first and third video signals includes a video camera; and the means for producing the second video signals includes an electronic circuit other than a video camera and responsive to horizontal and vertical sync pulses from the video camera.
 17. Apparatus as recited in claim 16 wherein: alignment of the zones to the first article is accomplished by substantially equalizing the coincidence of the image of the first article with selected opposing ones of the zones; and alignment of the second article to the zones is accomplished by substantially equalizing coincidence of the image of the second article with the selected opposing ones of the zones.
 18. Apparatus as recited in claim 16 including means in the electronic circuit for adjusting the position of at least one of the zones without affecting the position of other ones of the zones.
 19. Apparatus as recited in claim 18 wherein the adjusting means includes a variable impedance.
 20. Appartus as recited in claim 16 including: means for detecting coincidence between selected portions of the first and second video signals; and means for detecting coincidence between selected portions of the second and third video signals.
 21. Apparatus as recited in claim 20 wherein: said at least one zone and said opposing zone are diagonally opposed, whereby said equalization aligns the pattern to the first article in the rotary direction.
 22. Apparatus as recited in claim 20 wherein the means for detecting coincidence between selected portions of the first and second video signals includes: first means for detecting coincidence between the first video signals and that portion of the second video signals which represent at least one of the pattern of zones; and second means for detecting coincidence between the first video signals and that portion of the second video signals which represent an opposing one of the pattern of zones.
 23. Apparatus as recited in claim 22 including: a plurality of storage means for developing a voltage representative of a number of equal amplitude pulses applied thereto; means for gating a plurality of uniformly timed ones of said pulses to a first one of said storage means during the time that said first detection means detects a coincidence; and means for gating another plurlaity of uniformly timed ones of said pulses to a second one of said storage means during the time that said second detection means detects a coincidence.
 24. Apparatus as recited in claim 23 including: means for comparing the voltages developed on the first and second storage means and for modifying a parameter in the electronic circuit means to modify said second video signals to substantially equalize the voltages developed on the first and second storage means.
 25. Apparatus as recited in claim 24 wherein: saiD at least one zone is an upper zone; and said opposing zone is a lower zone, whereby said equalization aligns the pattern to the first article in the vertical direction.
 26. Apparatus as recited in claim 24 wherein: said at least one zone is on the left side of the pattern; and said opposing zone is on the right side of the pattern, whereby said equalization aligns the pattern to the first article in the horizontal direction.
 27. Apparatus as recited in claim 20 wherein the means for detecting coincidence between selected portions of the second and third video signals includes: first means for detecting coincidence between the third video signals and that portion of the modified second video signals which represent at least one of the pattern of zones; and second means for detecting coincidence between the third video signals and that portion of the modified second video signals which represent an opposing one of the pattern of zones.
 28. Apparatus as recited in claim 27 including: a plurality of storage means for developing a voltage representative of a number of equal amplitude pulses applied thereto; means for gating a plurality of uniformly timed ones of said pulses to a first one of said storage means during the time that said first detection means detects a coincidence; and means for gating another plurality of uniformly timed ones of said pulses to a second one of said storage means during the time that said second detection means detects a coincidence.
 29. Apparatus as recited in claim 28 including: means for comparing the voltages developed on the first and second storage means and for moving the second workpiece so that said third video signals are modified sufficiently that the voltage developed on the first and second storage means are substantially equalized.
 30. Apparatus as recited in claim 29 wherein: said at least one zone is an upper zone; and said opposing zone is a lower zone, whereby said equalization aligns the second article to the pattern in the vertical direction.
 31. Apparatus as recited in claim 29 wherein: said at least one zone is on the left side of the pattern; and said opposing zone is on the right side of the pattern, whereby said equalization aligns the second article to the pattern in the horizontal direction.
 32. Apparatus as recited in claim 29 wherein: said at least one zone and said opposing zones are diagonally opposed, whereby said equalization aligns the second article to the pattern in the rotary direction.
 33. Apparatus as recited in claim 16 wherein the electronic circuit means includes: first means responsive to the vertical sync pulse for producing a delayed pulse for selecting the horizontal scan lines on which the pattern occurs; and second means responsive to the horizontal sync pulse and to the first means for producing another delayed pulse for determining the position of the pattern along the selected scan lines.
 34. Apparatus as recited in claim 33 wherein the first and second means include serially connected one-shot multivibrators for providing both the delays and the pulses.
 35. Apparatus as recited in claim 34 wherein the means for modifying parameters in the electronic circuit includes a variable impedance element coupled to certain ones of the multivibrators for controlling the duration of pulses produced thereby.
 36. Apparatus as recited in claim 35 wherein the variable impedance element is a variable resistor.
 37. Apparatus as recited in claim 35 including a motor coupled to the variable impedance for automatic adjustment of impedance.
 38. Apparatus as recited in claim 35 wherein the first article is a semiconductor chip and the second article is a substrate to which the chip is to be bonded.
 39. Apparatus as recited in claim 35 wherein the first article is a photolithographic mask and the second article is a semiconductor wafer. 